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The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. GR uses contrasting unvoiced/voiced pairs of consonants to represent aspirated and unaspirated initials in Chinese: for example ''b'' and ''p'' represent IPA () and (). The letters ''j, ch'' and ''sh'' represent two different series of initials: the alveolo-palatal and the retroflex sounds. Although these spellings create no ambiguity in practice, readers more familiar with Pinyin should pay particular attention to them: GR ''ju'', for example, corresponds to Pinyin ''zhu'', not ''ju'' (which is spelled ''jiu'' in GR). Many of the finals in GR are similar to those used in other romanizations. Distinctive features of GR include the use of ''iu'' for the close front rounded vowel spelled ''ü'' or simply ''u'' in Pinyin. Final ''-y'' represents certain allophones of ''i'': GR ''shy'' and ''sy'' correspond to Pinyin ''shi'' and ''si'' respectively. The most striking feature of GR is its treatment of tones. The first tone is represented by the basic form of each syllable, the spelling being modified according to precise but complex rules for the other three tones. For example the syllable spelled ''ai'' (first tone) becomes ''air, ae'' and ''ay'' in the other tones. A neutral (unstressed) tone can optionally be indicated by preceding it with a dot or full stop: for example ''perng.yeou'' "friend". Rhotacization, a common feature of Mandarin (especially Beijing) Chinese, is marked in GR by the suffix ''-(e)l''. Owing to the rather complex orthographical details, a given rhotacized form may correspond to more than one basic syllable: for example ''jiel'' may be either ''ji(n) + el'' ("today") or ''ji + el'' ("chick"). A number of frequently-occurring morphemes have abbreviated spellings in GR. The commonest of these, followed by their Pinyin equivalents, are: ''-g'' (-ge), ''-j'' (-zhe), ''-m'' (-me), ''sh'' (shi) and ''-tz'' (-zi). == Basic forms == GR introduced several innovations in Chinese romanization. One of these, later adopted by Pinyin, was to use contrasting unvoiced/voiced pairs of consonants to represent aspirated and unaspirated sounds in Chinese. For example ''b'' and ''p'' represent IPA () and () (''p'' and '' p' '' in Wade-Giles). Another feature of GR surviving in Pinyin was to write words (usually of two syllables) as units: e.g. ''Gwoyeu'' rather than the Wade-Giles ''Kuo2-yü3''. The basic features of GR spelling are shown in the following tables of initials and finals, the latter referring to the basic T1 forms.〔See Chao(1948):19-24 and Chao(1968a):20-25 for tables and fuller discussion.〕 Many of the spelling features are the same as in Pinyin; differences are highlighted in the tables and discussed in detail after the second table. The rules of tonal spelling follow in a separate section. In the tables Pinyin spellings are given only where they differ from GR, in which case they appear in ''italics'' below the GR spelling. The tables also gives the pronunciation in (). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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